Demifacets on the vertebral bodies and transverse costal facets on the transverse processes articulate with the ribs, see costovertebral joints and costotransverse joints below.C7 ( vertebra prominens) has a large, easily palpable spinal process to which the ligamentum nuchae attaches.Have large the largest vertebral foramina to accommodate the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord.The vertebral arteries, veins, and sympathetic fibers pass through the transverse foramina in the transverse processes of C6–C1 before entering the foramen magnum.Articulates with the atlas cranially, see “ atlanto-axial joint” below.Characterized by the odontoid process ( dens), which projects cranially from the vertebral body into the vertebral foramen of the atlas.Articulates with the occiput cranially and the axis caudally, see “ atlanto-occipital joint” and “ atlanto-axial joint” below.Has no vertebral body: consists of an anterior and a posterior arch.All vertebral foramina together form the vertebral canal, containing:.Central space between the vertebral arch and vertebral body.The region between the superior and inferior articular processes at the junction of the pedicle and lamina is called the pars interarticularis.Flat surfaces at the junction of the pedicles and laminae, two superiorly and two inferiorly, that articulate with the articular processes of the adjacent vertebrae, forming the zygapophyseal (facet) joints.The transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae are also called costal processes.Postero- lateral processes emerging at the junction of the pedicles and laminae on each side.Spinous process: single posterior midline process emerging at the junction of the two laminae.The T1 nerve and the nerves below exit inferior to the pedicle of the corresponding vertebral body.C8 nerves exit inferior to the pedicles of C7 because there is no C8 vertebra.C1–C7 nerves exit superior to the pedicles of C1–C7.Lateral space between the pedicles of two adjacent vertebrae, from which spinal nerves and their vessels emerge.Attachment site of the ligamentum flavum from C2/3 to the sacrum.Posterior part of the vertebral arch, between transverse processes and spinous process.Concavities on the cranial and caudal sides ( vertebral notches) form the intervertebral foramina.Lateral parts of the vertebral arch, between the vertebral body and the laminae.Articulates with the vertebral bodies above and below via the intervertebral discĬonsists of two pedicles (laterally) and two laminae (posteriorly) with several vertebral processes.Cylindrical anterior part of the vertebra responsible for weight bearing.The basic vertebra consists of a vertebral body anteriorly and vertebral arch posteriorly, which together surround the vertebral foramen. Embryologically, the vertebrae are derived from the somites of the paraxial mesoderm, and the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs is derived from the notochord. Adjacent vertebrae articulate via intervertebral discs and facet joints, and there are specialized joints in the upper cervical region, the thoracic region, and between the sacrum and pelvis for articulation with the head and neck, the ribs, and the hip respectively. More specific morphological features vary according to the region and associated function. The basic vertebra consists of a vertebral body ( anterior), a vertebral arch ( posterior), and a vertebral foramen, through which runs the spinal cord. It is, furthermore, the main site of hematopoiesis besides the pelvis. The functions of the vertebral column include protecting the spinal cord within the vertebral canal transferring the weight of the upper body to the pelvis articulating with the skull, ribs, and pelvis and providing attachment for musculature. The vertebral column extends from the skull to the pelvis and consists of 33 vertebrae, which are differentiated into five regions: the cervical spine ( C1–C7), the thoracic spine ( T1–T12), the lumbar spine ( L1–L5), the sacrum ( S1–S5 fused in adults), and the coccyx ( 3–5 fused bones).
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